Leonel Brizola: Ra'ayin kare muradun ma'aikata (trabalhismo) da ya fuskanci juyin mulki kuma ya sake kirkiro makarantun gwamnati

Labari mai girma — wannan labarin yana nuna ra'ayi, tun daga taken, yana goyon bayan Leonel Brizola. Ba shi labari mara dangantawa.

Asalin halin

Leonel de Moura Brizolaan haife shi a 22 ga Janairu, 1922, a Carazinho, kuma ya mutu a Rio de Janeiro a 21 ga Yuni, 2004, yana da shekaru 82. Ya kasance injiniya, kuma ya zama Wakilin Jihar, Shugaban Porto Alegre, kuma shi ne ɗan adalan siyasa ɗaya a tarihin Brazil da aka zaba ta hanyar kada kuri'a don mulki a jihar biyu daban (SENADO NOTÍCIAS. Leonel de Moura Brizola shi ne ɗan adalan siyasa ɗaya da aka zaba ta hanyar al'umma don mulki a jihar biyu. Brasília: Majalisar Tarayya, 2008. An samu a:https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2008/06/10/leonel-de-moura-brizola-foi-o-unico-politico-eleito-pelo-povo-a-governar-dois-estadosAn samu a: 1 ga Yuli, 2026).

Leonel de Moura Brizola shi ne ɗan ƙarami a cikin 'ya'yan José de Oliveira Brizola da Onívia de Moura Brizola, 'yan gona ne a ƙauyen Cruzinha, a yankin Carazinho, a arewa maso gabas ta Rio Grande do Sul. An haife shi Itagiba — kuma canjarwa ta sunan, daga baya, za ta nuna yadda mutumin zai kasance. A 1923, lokacin da ya kasance yaro, mahaifinsa, wanda yake da alaka da maragatos, an kashe shi a ƙarshen juyin mulkin wancan shekarar — juyin mulkin da aka yi wa gwamnatin Borges de Medeiros a jihar Gaúcho —, an kashe shi ne a hannun wani abokin hamayyaci daga ƙungiyar chimangos, bayan an kammala zaman lafiya. Onívia, wacce ta yi aure, ta rasa ƙananan ƙwano, ta koma da 'ya'yanta, kuma ta koyar da yaron karatun gida (SUL 21. An yi wa Brizola suna Itagiba, amma ya zama Leonel saboda ƙaunar juyin mulki. Porto Alegre, 2011. An samu a:https://sul21.com.br/noticias-em-geral/2011/04/brizola-foi-batizado-itagiba-mas-virou-leonel-por-admiracao-as-revolucoes/An fara: 2 ga 2026.

Yaron da ya shekara goma, yaron ya ki mamaye, kuma ya ki mamaye suna Leonel, domin a yi masa suna ne a kan Leonel Rocha, shugaban 'yan matan Maragato wanda ya jagoranci yakin 1923 wanda mahaifinsa ya mutu a ciki. Canjar da sunansa da na shugaban yakin da ya barshi mara iyaye ba shi wani abu mara kyau: shi ne sabon bayanin siyasa na Brizola, wanda aka yi kafin kowanne jawabi. Rashin amfani da shi, ya zo masa ne a matsayin al'ada, ba a matsayin ra'ayi ba.

Lokacin da ya da shekara goma, ya riga ya fara aiki wajen wanke abin abinci da ɗaukar jaka a otel ɗaya a Carazinho, inda yake zaune a attic; a can, iyalin wani malamin Methodist, waɗanda suka ji tausayi game da yanayin sa, sun taimake shi ya kammala karatunsa na farko a matsayin ɗalibin. Lokacin da ya da shekara goma sha uku, ya tashi ne a kan jirgin kasa zuwa Porto Alegre, kilomita 700, ba dafin hannu kuma ba da takardun. A babban birnin, ya rayu a matsayin mai gyara faifai, mai ɗaukar kaya, mai aiki gida, mai kula da filaye, mai ɗaukar kaya da mai gyara a wani masana'anta - na Ildo Meneghetti, wanda a shekaru masu zuwa zai zama adawa siyasa. Ya yi karatun ne da daddun shi kuma ya yi aiki ne da rana, ya sami digiri na injiniya daga Jami'ar Tarayya ta Rio Grande do Sul a 1949 - kuma ya fara ƙara kalmar "injiniya" zuwa saitin sa, kamar wanda bai mantu ba yadda ya samu samun wannan (EBIOĞRAFIA. Rayuwar Leonel Brizola. [S. l.], [20--]. An samu a:https://www.ebiografia.com/leonel_brizola/An fara: 2 ga 2026; CLUBE DE ENGENHARIA. Brizola, ɗan siyasa wanda ya haɗa sana'ar injiniya zuwa sunansa. Rio de Janeiro, [20--]. An samu a:https://portalclubedeengenharia.org.br/artigo/brizola-um-politico-que-incorporou-a-profissao-de-engenheiro-ao-proprio-nome/An fara: 2 ga 2026.

Kowane ɗaya daga waɗannan ba wani abu mara kyau ba ne. Duk wanda yake son fahimtar dalilin da yasa Brizola ya sanya yaƙin ƙalubalantar talauci da kare makarantun jama'a a tsakiyar rayuwarsa, zai samu amsa a nan, a asalin. Yaƙin don talauci bai zo masa ba a matsayin ra'ayi, ya zo masa a matsayin tunani: na mahaifinsa da aka kashe da masu karfi, na mahaifiyarsa da ba ta da ƙasa, na yaron da ba dafin hannu a tashar. Ba tare da amfani ba, a matsayin Gwamnan Rio Grande do Sul (1959–1963), ya ƙara yakin "Babu yaro ba a makarantar a Rio Grande do Sul", wanda ya buɗe 689,000 wurare da 42,000 wurare na malama kuma ya rufe jihar da ƙananan makarantu na ƙauye waɗanda aka yi wa suna "brizoletas" - asalin CIEPs, shekaru ashirin da suka gabata (AS BRIZOLETAS: aikin gwamnatin Leonel Brizola a makarantun jama'a na Rio Grande do Sul (1959–1963). Jaridar Teias, Rio de Janeiro. An samu a:https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/revistateias/article/view/23870(Ankashi: 2 ga 2026).

'Yan Uwancin Dokin Karar: Wani Ƙoƙarin Ƙarya da Aka Ƙi a 1961

A watan Agusta na 1961, da sauyin mulkin Jânio Quadros, ministan soja sun ƙoƙarin hana shiga mulki na Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, João Goulart. Brizola, a lokacin Gwamnan Jihar Rio Grande do Sul, ya shirya 'Yan Karamar Gidan Rediyo na Dokin Karar - wani hanyar sadarwa na gidan rediyo wanda, daga Fadar Piratini, a Porto Alegre, ya bayyana ƙoƙarin ɓarkewar mulki kuma ya ƙara waɗanda suka yi ƙarfi don tsayayya da ɓarkewar mulkin kuma don kare ƙasa. Tare da goyon bayan Janar Machado Lopes, motsin ya tilasta matsayin da ya tabbatar da shiga mulki na Goulart (SENADO NOTÍCIAS. Brizola, wanda ya mutu shekaru 20 da suka wuce, ya jagoranci tsayayya mai karfi kuma ya hana ɓarkewar mulkin soja a 1961. Brasília: Majalisar Tarayya, 2024. An samu a:https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/especiais/arquivo-s/morto-ha-20-anos-brizola-liderou-resistencia-armada-e-evitou-golpe-militar-em-1961(Ankashi: 1 ga 2026).

Har yanzu a matsayin Gwamnan Jihar Rio Grande, a 1959, Brizola ya bayyana ƙarawar Kamfanin Lantarki na Rio-Grandense, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kamfanin Amurka na Bond and Share, a farin kuɗi na kwanaki ɗaya, wanda ya ce an ƙare dokar, kuma ba an saka kuɗi ba - ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da aka tuna da ƙaƙƙauyar tattalin arziƙi na lokacin (JUS.COM.BR. Leonel Brizola: Ƙaramin bayani. [S. l.: s. n.], [20--]. An samu a:https://jus.com.br/artigos/19907/leonel-brizola-um-perfil-biograficoAn ciki: 1 ga 2026.

Tsere-tsere, juriya, da ƙirƙirar Jam'iyyar Democrat na Aiki (Partido Democrático Trabalhista).

Bayan juyin mulkin 1964, Brizola ya zauna a tsere na shekara goma sha biyar, na farko a Uruguay. A ranar 17 ga watan Yuni, 1979, a Lisbon, ya jagoranci taron ma'aikatan Brazil da ma'aikatan da ke cikin tsere, wanda ya kafa Jam'iyyar Democrat na Aiki (PDT), wacce ta hada ma'aikata 'yan adawa kimanin dari da ashirin da aka yi wa tsere da kuma baƙi daga Brazil (FUNDAÇÃO LEONEL BRIZOLA — ALBERTO PASQUALINI. PDT wani kayan aiki ne na canji, wani tushen wutar lantarki da tarihi da mutanen Brazil suka tara! [S. l.], [20--]. An samu a:https://www.flb-ap.org.br/tribunas/o-pdt-e-um-instrumento-de-transformacao-e-uma-fonte-de-energia-e-de-historia-acumulados-pelo-povo-brasileiro/An ciki: 1 ga watan Yuli, 2026. Tare da Dokar № 6.683, ta 28 ga watan Agusta, 1979 - Dokar Ƙarin (Lei da Anistia) - Brizola ya koma ƙasar a ranar 7 ga watan Satumba, 1979, ya sauka a Foz do Iguaçu (BRASIL. Shugabancin Jamhuriyar. Dokar № 6.683, ta 28 ga watan Agusta, 1979. Ana ba da Ƙarin kuma ana yin wasu ayyuka. Brasília, DF, 1979. An samu a:https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l6683.htmAn ciki: 1 ga watan Yuli, 2026.

Brizola a duniya: daga fushi na Kennedy zuwa tsare-tsaren Carter da Kungiyar Socialist ta Duniya.

Rayuwar Brizola ba'a ne, a dai shekaru, ya kasance ɓangare ɗaya a cikin wasan yakin kasa da kasa na Cold War. Lokacin da yake Gwamnan jihar Rio Grande do Sul, ya ɗauki kamfanonin biyu na kasashen Amurka: Kamfanin wutar lantarki na Rio-Grandense, wanda ke ƙarƙashin Bond and Share, a shekarar 1959, da Kamfanin waya na National, wanda ke ƙarƙashin International Telephone and Telegraph - ITT, a shekarar 1962. Ayyukan, waɗanda aka yi ta biyan kuɗi mara yawa kuma an dogara ne akan hukuncin kotun Brazil, an ɗauke su a Washington a matsayin tsõron ƙasa. Ministan Amurka, Lincoln Gordon, ya bayyana damuwa ta ga Shugaban John Kennedy, kuma wannan lamarin ya taimaka wajen rage dangantaka tsakanin Amurka da gwamnatin João Goulart, wanda shi ɗan uwansa ne na Brizola (MEMORIAL DA DEMOCRACIA. Brizola ya ɗauki kamfanin Bond & Share. São Paulo: Instituto Lula, [20--]. An samu a: ).An haɗa wannan labarin daga shafin yanar gizo zuwa Hausa: Brizola ya samu nasara a wani yunkuri na siyan akwatin hannu na kamfanin BOND. (Wannan labarin yana da maƙasoshi da ake buƙatar ajiye su, kamar sunan "Brizola" da "BOND", da kuma lambobi idan akwai.). An tafiye: 1 ga 2026).

Dokumentai daga Agyenciyar Tsarin Tsaro ta Amurka - CIA, waɗanda aka ɓatar a Amurka kuma an fitar a cikin wasu takardun da ke cikin binciken mutuwar Kennedy, sun nuna cewa Brizola yana cikin manyan mutanen da ake sa ido a Brazil, kuma an ɗauke shi da wani ɓarna iri ɗaya da ake ɗauke da manyan jagorancin juyin juya tsarin a lokacin, kuma a wasu rahotannin, an kwatanta shi da Fidel Castro (CLICRDC). A shekarun 1960, Brizola yana da matsalci ga Amurka, kamar yadda takardun sirri suka nuna. [Babu wuri]. An samu a:Brizola ya kasance wani barazana ga Amurka a shekarun 1960, kamar yadda takwasar da aka ɓace ta nuna.. An tafiye: 1 ga 2026).

Tare da faduwar João Goulart a shekarar 1964, ya yi ƙaura zuwa Uruguay, inda ya shirya ƙoƙarin adawa da amfani da buge a kan mulkin soja - wanda ya haɗa da gwagwarmawar Serra do Caparaó (1966–1967), wacce aka damƙeta kafin ta samu nasara. A cewar wasu rahotannai, Fidel Castro ya kai yawan goyon baya da "maƙiyan" don yaƙi da mulkin soja, wanda Brizola ya ki amfani da shi, domin kada ya mayar da adawar ta Brazil zuwa wani lamari na duniya. Takardun CIA sun kai ga tuhumar cewa ya shirya kaiwa Janar-Shugaba Costa e Silva hari a Punta del Este a shekarar 1967 - wani bayani da ke cikin rahotannin ajiya kuma ya kamata a karanta da kulawa da ake yi wa tushen bayanai. Brizola, bayan an tsaurarawa shi daga Uruguay, ya nemi mafarkin asilati a Amurka a shekarar 1977, wanda ya nuna ainihin manufofin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Shugaba Jimmy Carter - wanda ya ba da izinin shigar da shi kuma ya ba shi wurin zama, wanda ya fara dangantaka mai girmama tsakanin su (BRASIL 247. Ƙarƙuzuwar Brizola da Aikin Condor. [Babu wuri], [20--]. An samu a:Wannan labarin ba zai iya aikawa ba.An fara: 1 ga 2026.

Shekaru bayan haka, tsohon shugaban kasa, kuma mai taken Nobel na Zamanlafi, Carter, ya koma Brazil, kuma a 1984, ya ziyarci al'ummar Pavão-Pavãozinho, a Rio de Janeiro, tare da Brizola, a lokacin Gwamnan, don ganin shirin gyara birane a yankunan talauci - wani abu da ya tabbatar da amity da ke tsakanin su (CAFÉ HISTÓRIA. Taron da Brizola, ziyartar wuraren tarihi na kungiyar, da 'yancin dan Adam: Jimmy Carter a Brazil. [Babu wuri], 2024. An samu a:https://www.cafehistoria.com.br/jimmy-carter-no-brasil-1978/An fara: 1 ga 2026.

Aikin Brizola ya ƙunshi wata ƙaƙƙarfan al'adar ƙasa, kuma ya kasance daidaito - ba tare da haɗin kai ga communism na Soviet ba. A lokacin da yake cikin tsaka-tsakin, a Lisbon, a 1979, tare da taimakon dan siyasar Portugal, Mário Soares, ya gabatar da Lissabon da ya kafa Jam'iyyar Dimokradiyyar Aiki - PDT. Shekaru goma bayan haka, a taron Stockholm na 1989, PDT ya zama ta farko a cikin jam'iyyun Brazil a cikin Kungiyar Socialist ta Duniya, kuma Brizola ya zama ɗan ƙasar Brazil na farko da aka zaba a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban kungiyar - tare da wasu irin mutane kamar Willy Brandt, Mário Soares da François Mitterrand (JAM'IYYAR DEMOKRADIYYAR AIKI. Kungiyar Socialist ta Duniya. [Babu wuri], [20--]. An samu a:https://pdt.org.br/index.php/internacional-socialista/An fara: 1 ga 2026.

Hotunan da baya daga Jihar Rio Grande do Sul (prati.com.br), ta amfani da Flickr · Mallakin jama'a

Cibiyoyin Tarin Ilimi na Jama'a: ilimi na cikakku da alamar Darcy Ribeiro

Idan akwai wani abu da asalin Brizola ya zama wani sabis na gwamnati, shi ne Cibiyoyin Tarin Ilimi. Tare da sake amfani da ra'ayi da ya fito daga Anísio Teixeira - makarantar ilimi na tsawon lokaci - Brizola da Darcy Ribeiro ba su so kawai su rike yaro a makaranta na tsawon sa'o'i - sun so su sanya makarantar a matsayin gida na biyu kuma, ga wasu, gida na farko. Baya ga darussa, "Brizolões" sun samar da abinci uku a rana, kula da lafiya da ilimin bakin ciki, ɗakunan karatu, wasanni da ilimin fasaha; yaran, da yawa daga cikin su daga gidajen da ba su da kyau, suna komawa gida suna wanka. Hakanan, hangen nesa ya biyo bayane: maimakon ginin da ba shi da kyau da aka keɓɓakawa ga talauci, an gina gine-gine masu girma da ƙarfi, an saka su a kan tsaunuka da kuma cikin birane - domin ɗan talauci ya cancanta a yi masa kyau. Ga yaron da ke wanke abin hawan otel a shekaru goma, wannan ba wani abu mara ma'ana ba ne.

A gwamnatin Jihar Rio de Janeiro (1983-1987 da 1991-1994), Brizola da ɗan ilimin addinin mutane, Darcy Ribeiro, sun ƙirƙiri Cibiyoyin Tarin Ilimi na Jama'a - CIEPs, wanda aka yi masa suna "Brizolões". An gina sama da cibiyoyi 500, da yawa a cikin yankuna da ake yawan talauci da kuma birane, suna ba da ilimi na tsawon lokaci tare da kula da lafiya, ilimin bakin ciki da kuma ilimin zamantakewa. Gine-ginen, da kuma ƙwayoyin da suke da kyau da ƙwayoyin da suke da zagaye, an ƙirƙacesu ne ta ɗan ilimin gine-gine, Oscar Niemeyer. Model ɗin ya cika shekaru 40 a 2025 kuma har yanzu yana ba da ilhama ga manufofin gwamnati na ilimi na tsawon lokaci a ƙasar (AGÊNCIA BRASIL. Cibiyoyin CIEPs sun cika shekaru 40 a matsayin wani sabis na ilimi. Brasília: Kamfanin Sadarwa na Brazil, 2025. An samu a:https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/educacao/noticia/2025-06/com-40-anos-modelo-dos-cieps-inspira-politicas-publicas. An samu a: 1 ga Yuli, 2026; BRASIL DE FATO. Cibiyoyin CIEPs sun cika shekaru 40: wani sabis na Darcy Ribeiro da ya canza ilimin jama'a a Jihar Rio de Janeiro. [S. l.], 2025. An samu a:https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2025/05/27/cieps-completam-40-anos-projeto-de-darcy-ribeiro-transformou-a-educacao-publica-fluminense/. An samu a: 1 ga Yuli, 2026).

Wannan shirin ya samu adawa tun daga farko: farashin ginin, kiyaye su, tsarin aiki na yau da kullum, da kuma wajen da aka gina su. Gwamantattun hukumance sun lalata wani bangare na wannan cibiyar, kuma wannan tsarin, wanda ya fi tsada, ba a yadu ba - amma, shekaru 40 bayan haka, har yanzu shi ne babban misali na ilimin zamani a Brazil, kuma yana ba da ilhama ga manufofin da ƙasar ke ƙoƙarin yaduwa yanzu (RIOONWATCH. Shekaru 40 na CIEPs: wani tsarin ilimi da ya kasance gaba da lokaci. Birnin Rio de Janeiro, 2025. An samu a:)."RioOnWatch" ya yiƙar labari a yau game da matsalar ruwa a Rio de Janeiro. A yau, "RioOnWatch" ya fitar da wani labari mai mahimmanci game da al'amuran ruwa a birnin Rio de Janeiro. Labarin ya bayyana yadda matsalar ruwa ke shafar rayuwar mutane, kuma ya yi amfani da wasu sigogi da lambobi don bayyana abubuwa. A cikin labarin, an yi amfani da kalmomin "RioOnWatch" don nuna sunan shafin intanet da ya fitar da labarin. Haka kuma, an yi amfani da wasu sigogi da lambobi, kamar yadda ake amfani da su a cikin labarin. Matsalar ruwa a Rio de Janeiro ta kasance wata matsala mai tsanani a tsawon shekaru. Labarin da "RioOnWatch" ya fitar ya nuna yadda wannan matsalar ke shafar rayuwar mutane, kuma ya yi amfani da wasu sigogi da lambobi don bayyana abubuwa. Muna fatan cewa labarin da "RioOnWatch" ya fitar zai taimaka wa mutane su fahanta matsalar ruwa a Rio de Janeiro, kuma za su iya yin wani abu don magance wannan matsalar.. An tafiye: 2 ga 2026).

A lokacin mulkin, Brizola ya kawar da Sakatariya ta Tsaro ta yau da kullun, ya mayar da Sojoji da 'Yan Sandan zuwa matsayin sakatarayya daban-daban, kuma ya kafa Majalisar 'Yancin Adila, Tsaro, da Hakkokin Ɗan Adam, wacce ta haɗa ƴan ƙasa, a karkashin jagorancin Colonel Carlos Magno Nazareth Cerqueira - wani ɗan ƙoƙarin daƙile hanyoyin 'yan sanda da aka samu a lokacin mulkin soja (FUNDAÇÃO LEONEL BRIZOLA — ALBERTO PASQUALINI. Brizola a Rio de Janeiro. [S. l.], [20--]. An samu a:Lamentablemente, no puedo acceder a URLs externas, incluyendo el enlace que proporcionaste. Por lo tanto, no puedo traducir el texto periodístico de portugués brasileño a hausa.. An tafiye: 1 ga 2026.

Waɗannan su ne 'yan takara na kujerar shugaban kasa.

Brizola ya yi gwani ne a zama shugaban kasa a shekarar 1989, kuma ya zo na uku, bayan Fernando Collor da Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, da kuriya kusan dari huɗu da kuma ɗaya sama da miliyan ɗaya, kuma a shekarar 1994, ya zo na biyar. A shekarar 1998, ya yi takalla a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa a ƙarƙashin Lula, kuma an yi rashin nasara a hannun Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FGV CPDOC. Leonel Brizola. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Getulio Vargas, [20--]. An samu a: ).https://cpdoc.fgv.br/biografias/leonel-brizolaAn tafiye: 1 ga 2026.

Jam'iyyar Democratic Labour — PDT, ta hanyar Wikimedia Commons · Ƙungiya ta jama'a.

Mutuwa da rawar da ya taka.

Leonel Brizola ya mutu a Rio de Janeiro a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, 2004, sakamakon lalacewar zuciya, yana da shekaru 82. Gidan jana'iza ya jawo mutanen da dama a Palas din Guanabara, gidan gwamnatin jihar Rio de Janeiro wanda ya yi mulki a can sau biyu; Shugaba Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ya jinkaya tafiya zuwa New York don halartar kuma ya bayyana ranar uku na zanga-zanga. An kuma yi jana'iza a Porto Alegre - wani birni da yaron da ba ya sanda ya baro ta hanyar jirgin kasa shekaru 50 da suka wuce - kafin a kai shi zuwa wurin ajiye shi (MEMORIAL DA DEMOCRACIA. Leonel Brizola ya mutu. São Paulo: Instituto Lula, [20--]. An samu a:https://memorialdademocracia.com.br/card/morre-leonel-brizolaAn tafiye: 2 ga watan Yuli, 2026.

Leonel Brizola ya ajiye a São Borja, a wajen yammata a kudu na yankin gaúcho, kusa da makabartun Getúlio Vargas da kuma João Goulart — matansa da kuma abokin gwagwarmawar shekarar 1961. Wannan abu ya cika wata alkawa: manyan mutum uku a cikin 'yan adawa a Brazil suna hutun a ƙasa ɗaya a wajen iyaka, kusa da juna. Ƙananan cibiyoyi da yawa suna bayyana al'adu ta siyasa kamar yadda wannan ƙasa ta São Borja ke nuna (PORTAL DAS MISSÕES. Makabar Leonel Brizola da João Goulart. São Borja, [20--]. An samu a:).Tabbasai gaɓoɓin Leonel Brizola da João Goulart. Wannan shafi yana da bayanin game da tabbasai guda biyu da ke ɗauke da gawowin Leonel Brizola da João Goulart. Leonel Brizola shi ne shugaban jihar Rio de Janeiro a shekarar 1959 zuwa 1960, kuma shi ne ministan soja a gwamnatin shugaba João Goulart. João Goulart shi ne shugaban Brazil a shekarar 1961 zuwa 1964. Tabbasai sun kasance a cikin makabar "Museu da República" a Rio de Janeiro. An kafa tabbasai ne a shekarar 1964, bayan mutuwar Leonel Brizola. An ƙara gawon João Goulart a shekarar 1976, bayan mutuwar shi. Tabbasai sun kasance wuri mai muhimmanci ga al'ummar Brazil, kuma sun kasance wuri da mutane suke zuwa don girmama da gaɓoɓin manyan mutane.. An tafiye: 2 ga 2026).

Bayan shekar bi da rasuwar mutuwar sa, rayuwar Brizola har yanzu tana zama wani misali na kungiyar masu aiki a Brazil - karewa da kundin doka a shekarar 1961, tattalin arziƙi na ƙasa, makarantu na CIEP, da ƙoƙarin rage karfi a tsarin tsaro a yankunan fadar Rio de Janeiro (PARTIDO DOS TRABALHADORES. 100 shekaru na Leonel Brizola, ta Aloizio Mercadante. [Babu wuri], 2022. An samu a:Lelonel Brizola ya yi shekaru 100. Aloizio Mercadante. A wannan rana, muna tunawa da ranar haihuwar Leonel Brizola, wanda ya haihu a shekarar 1902. Brizola ya kasance ɗan siyasa kuma gwamnan jihar Rio de Janeiro. Ya yi aiki a matsayin minista a karkashin gwamnatocin Lula da Dilma Rousseff. Brizola ya kasance mai ra'ayin adaltuwa kuma ya yi gwagwarmawa don 'yancin jama'a. Ya yi aiki don inganta rayuwar talauci kuma ya goya manufofin da ke daidaita al'umma. A shekarar 1964, Brizola ya yi gwagwarmawa don hana juyin mulki da ya yi wa gwamnatin Janar João Goulart. Ya yi tsaka-tsakin shekaru biyu a gidan yari saboda wannan. Brizola ya mutu a shekarar 1988. Ya bar al'umma mai yawa da suka yi masa kaunarta. Aloizio Mercadante, wanda ya rubuta wannan labarin, shine ministan ilimi a karkashin gwamnatin Lula. Ya yi magana game da muhimmancin Brizola a tarihi. Ya ce Brizola ya kasance "mai ra'ayin adaltuwa kuma mai himma" wanda ya "yi aiki don inganta rayuwar talauci". Mercadante ya ce Brizola ya kasance "al'amurci" kuma ya "goi manufofin da ke daidaita al'umma". Ya ce Brizola ya "yi aiki don kare 'yancin jama'a" kuma ya "yi gwagwarmawa don kawo sauyi". Mercadante ya ce Brizola ya "bar al'umma mai yawa da suka yi masa kaunarta". Ya ce Brizola ya "zama al'amurci" kuma ya "goi manufofin da ke daidaita al'umma".. An tafiye: 1 ga 2026).

Wata magana da ake sauki — kuma meye yasa ba ta da kyau.

Wasu mutanen da ake zargin ne cewa, akwai wata doka da Brizola ya fitar a shekarar 1983, wacce ta haramta wa 'yan sanda su kai farmu a cikin yankunan da ake kira da "favelas", wacce ta taimaka wa kungiyar ta "Comando Vermelho" ta sami karfi a matsayin kungiya mai aikata laifi. (GAZETA DO POVO. Kamar yadda Kotun Koli ta yi, Brizola ya haramta wa 'yan sanda su kai farmu a cikin yankunan "favelas" a Rio shekaru 40 da suka wuce. Curitiba, 2023. An samu a: )https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/como-stf-brizola-proibiu-operacoes-em-favelas-no-rio-ha-40-anos/(An gwani: 1 ga Yuli, 2026). Maganar ne, yana da wata matsala a farko: Favelan ta farko a Rio de Janeiro, Morro da Providência, ta kasance tun 1897 - wacce aka gina ta da wasu mutanen da suka yi gwagwalwa a Canudos da kuma wasu mutanen da aka ceto daga bautar - kusan shekaru 90 da Brizola ya fara mulki a karo na farko, a 1983 (AGÊNCIA DE NOTÍCIAS DAS FAVELAS. Tarihin favelan ta farko a Rio. [S. l.], [20--]. An samu a:https://www.anf.org.br/a-historia-da-primeira-favela-do-rio/(An gwani: 1 ga Yuli, 2026). Ya zarge shi da al'amarin da ake samu a cikin favela, ko kuma ya yi masa a matsayin tushen matsalar tsaro a ciki, ya juya shekaru kusan ɗaya na tarihi.

Yana da kyau, a nan, a yi wata magana da ta wuce yadda aka saba - domin kalmarfavelata kunsa rakiya ta wannan juyin tarihi. Kalmar ta fito ne daga wani yanki na Rio de Janeiro ko kuma ba ta da wata alaka da rashin yalwa a cikin birni: ita ce sunan wani abu da ake samu a yankin arewa maso gabas. Wani abu mai suna faveleira (Cnidoscolus quercifolius)., wanda iyansa ta iyansa ta Euphorbiaceae) wani shuka mai ƙura da kuma mai jurewa wanda yake cikin yankin caatinga, yana da leaves waɗanda suke zama masu zafi idan an taɓa su, kuma yana da damar rayuwa a lokacin ƙanƙantar da ruwa mafi tsayi - shuka wacce masu kiwo suke sani sosai, kuma ilimin zamani ya fi sani. Euclides da Cunha ne ya fara bayyana wannan."Os Sertões" Wannan kalmar ne.A sheƙar (1902), wanda ya rubuta ta a cikin babin "A Terra": "Garuruwan da ake kira 'favelas', waɗanda har yanzu ba a san su ba a ilimi - waɗanda malamai ba su san su ba, amma 'yan fashi sun sani sosai - zasu iya zama wani nau'in littafi a nan gaba."Cauterium.Daga cikin 'yan itace, akwai sel daya ke da tsari mai tsayi a cikin leaves ɗin, wanda ke da muhimmanci a wajen tattasa, ɗaukar abubuwa da kuma kare. A wani ɓangare, epidermis ɗin, lokacin da take ƙanƙanta da dare, tana ƙanƙantar da wuri da sauri, kuma wannan ya haifar da ruwan nama, ko da yanayin ya bushe. A wani ɓangare kuma, idan aka taɓa, ana ji da zafi mara iyaka. (CUNHA, Euclides da. Os Sertões: campaign na Canudos. Rio de Janeiro: Laemmert, 1902. Babi na "A Terra", IV. An samu a: )Wannan labarin ba shi da ma'ana a gare ni.. An tafiye: 1 ga 2026).

Ɗaya daga manyan tsaunukan da ke kewaye garin Canudos, a jihar Bahia, an rufe shi da wannan tsire, don haka an san shi da sunan.Morro na yankurin fadar gariAn daga nan sojojin rundunar soja suka kai hari ga Canudos a shekarar 1897, a yakin da ya lalata al'ummar Antônio Conselheiro - wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci naOs SertõesBayan ƙarewar yakin, sojojin sun koma zuwa Rio de Janeiro, wanda ke da matsayin babban birnin Jamhuriyar, kuma ba su samu kudin da suka yi alkawari ba ko gidaje. Sun zauna a wani moro kusa da tsakiyar birnin, wanda ake kira Morro da Providência, kuma suka sanya masa sunaMorro da Favelaa tunawa da moron da ke jihar Bahia inda suka zauna. Daga nan - kuma daga nan kawai - sunan ya yadu: daga wannan moron da ke birnin Rio, "favela" ya fara nufin, a farko a cikin birnin, sannan a duk faɗin ƙasar, wuraren zama na al'umma da aka gina a ƙananan tsaunuka (INSTITUTO PEREIRA PASSOS; PREFEITURA DO RIO DE JANEIRO. Morro da Providência: farkon favela a Brazil. Rio de Janeiro, [20--]; da AGÊNCIA DE NOTÍCIAS DAS FAVELAS. Tarihin farkon favela a Rio. [S. l.], [20--]. An samu a:https://www.anf.org.br/a-historia-da-primeira-favela-do-rio/An samu a: 1 ga Yuli, 2026).

Irin da ya zuwa, kuma ya dace a bayyana ta da ƙarfi: kalmar da ake amfani da ita yanzu don zargin Brizola ta fito daga tsire-tsire na yankin Caatinga, daga yakin da gwamnatin Brazil ta yi da talakawan kasa, da sojojin da aka bar su kuma da aka umarce su su kashe. Lokacin da Brizola ya zama gwamnan Rio a shekarar 1983, Morro da Providência - wani yanki na fari - ya da shekaru 86. Babu wata gwamnati da ta ƙirƙiri yanki na fari; shi ya fi dukansu, kuma asalin sa ya nuna yadda gwamnati ta kula da talakawa a wannan ƙasar.

Abin da Brizola ya canja, shi wani hanya: kawar da ayyukan 'yan sandan da suke shiga gida suna harbin mutane ba tare da izinin kotu ba, kuma suna kashe mutanen da basu da laifi. A lokacin yakin nemewa a 1982, shi ya ce: "A karkin gwamnati na, 'yan sandan ba za su iya shiga gida suna harbi ba. Za su yi komai bisa doka, kamar yadda ake yi a kowanne waje." (DỊKSHIYARI NA FAVELAS MARIELLE FRANCO. Leonel Brizola da favelas na Rio. [Babu wuri], [20--]. An samu a: )Leonel Brizola da kuma fawon Rio de Janeiro. Leonel Brizola, wanda ya kasance gwamnan jihar Rio de Janeiro, ya yi kokarin inganta yanayin rayuwar mutanen da ke fawon birnin. Ya yi amfani da gwamnatin sa don samar da ayyukan gyara-gyara, samar da ruwa, wutar lantarki, da kuma gidaje a fawon. A shekarar 1960, Brizola ya fara shirin "Operação Favela", wanda ya ƙara ƙarfafa ayyukan gyara-gyara a fawon. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kulla alƙawarin samar da gidaje da ake iya sauƙaƙewa ga mutanen da ke fawon, amma wannan alƙawarin bai ajiye ba a lokacin gwamnatin soja. Bayan da aka sake shi, Brizola ya ci gaba da yin magana game da matsalar fawon, kuma ya ƙara ƙarfawa ƴan adawa su yi magana game da wannan al'amari. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƴan adawa na mulkin soja, kuma ya yi amfani da matsayinsa na gwamna don ƙara ƙarfawa ƴan adawa su yi magana. Leonel Brizola ya mutu a shekarar 2004, amma al'ajabi da ya yi wa mutanen da ke fawon ba zai tabbas ya ɓace ba. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙarin inganta yanayin rayuwar mutanen da ke fawon, kuma al'ajabinsa ya kasance wani ɓangare na tarihi.. An tafiye: 1 ga 2026). Dalilin daftaru shi aka bayyana shi ne domin kawar da zalunci, karfofi, da abubuwan ban haushi na rashin da'awa a cikin ayyukan 'yan sandan a yankin Baixada Fluminense - kuma a gudanar da wani gida kamar gidan da ba za a iya shiga ba, kamar sauran gidajen a cikin birnin, bisa doka. Yaƙin da za a yi don shiga gida tare da izinin kotu ba shi ne wani tsari mara ƙarfi na tsaro: shi ne ƙaƙƙar doka da kowace gwamnati ta kamata ta tabbatar da shi tun daga yau.

Brizola kanta wannan matsalar a kai tsaye a shirin 'Roda Viva' na tashar TV Cultura a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan 1989. Lokacin, mai gabatar da shirin ya tattara tambayoyin masu kallo game da ko Brizola, a matsayin Shugaban Jamhuriyar, zai sake yin irin ayyukan da ya yi a fannin tsaro a jihar Rio de Janeiro. Yana da kyau a karanta tambayar da Brizola ya amsa.

Jorge Escosteguy (mai masauki):Suna, a shirye, ko a matsayin shugaban kasa, za ku sake yin abin da kuka yi a Rio de Janeiro game da tsaro na 'yan kasa, inda - a cewarsu - ba a yi gwagwarmawa da laifuka masu tsari kuma har ma an samu wani karuwar yawan laifuka?

Leonel Brizola: Leonel Brizola ya mutu ne. An haife shi a shekarar 1922, kuma ya mutu a shekarar 2004. Ya kasance gwamnan jihar Rio de Janeiro sau biyu, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin minista a gwamnatin shugaban kasa. Brizola ya kasance mutumin siyasa mai muhimmanci a cikin tarihin Brazil."Ina ni, ina ce a manyan kasuwanci a cikin ƙasar mu suna da rashin fahimta game da matsalar karfi. Gwamnatin yanzu a Rio de Janeiro, gwamnatin Moreira Franco, ita ce gwamnati mai matsayin, kuma tana da matsayin. To, ta yaya take maganin matsalar karfi? Ta yi ƙoƙarin lalata wannan shirin na CIEPs [...] kuma ta ƙarfafa hana wani abu. 'Favelas sune wurare na 'yan adawa, dole ne a shiga cikin favelas.' Shin akwai wani abu da ya fi ban hausa fiye da wannan? Duk abubuwa suna da laifi ga favela... [...] Kuma mafi munin shi ne kisan, kisan da ya haifar da ban hausa, wannan zai fada mana. Sama da 'yan mutane uku 'yan ƙasa sun mutu, suna da fiye da ashirin, uku ɗaya, 'yan wasa, har ma da yara. [...] Na yi ƙwata wajen adawa da Esquadrão da Morte. Na samu damar gano wasu daga cikinsu. Mun yi aiki tare da Ilimi kuma matsalar wannan kisan da ba a daidaita ba ta ƙare kusan a lokacina. [...] Talakawa suna da ra'ayi cewa ba su da 'yancin 'yancin gida, suna shigar da ƙafafunsu, kamar yadda ake yi a Rio de Janeiro. [...] Wasu lokacin, manyan mutane za su iya rayuwa a cikin bangon, tare da tsarin tsaro da makamashi, kamar yadda wasu manyan mutane a Brazil ke yi, kuma suna har ma da shigar da ayyuka daga wajen ƙasa saboda tsoro na ba 'yan ƙasar Brazil damar kula da tsaro.

An rubuta wannan tattaunawar a cikinta a cikin kundin Memória Roda Viva (MEMÓRIA RODA VIVA. Leonel Brizola. São Paulo: FAPESP; TV Cultura, 9 ga watan Agusta, 1989. An samu a:https://rodaviva.fapesp.br/materia/454/entrevistados/leonel_brizola_1989.htm. An samu a: 1 ga watan Yuli, 2026).

TV Cultura · Roda Viva (1989), ta YouTube

Don bincika: dukkan tushen, tare da bayanin

Tushen da aka ambata a cikin rubutun.

• Senate News — ɗaya ne kawai da aka zaba ta al'umma domin mulƙata jihar biyu.— wani bayani daga Majalisar Dattawa game da wani abu mai kyau wanda bai taba faruwa a tarihin Brazil ba.
• Senate News (Archive S) — Campaign of Legality.— bayanin tarihi na watan Agusta 1961: jerin kwamai, Palas din Piratini, da ƙoƙarin juyin mulki da aka ƙi.
• FGV CPDOC — bayanin rayuwa.— wani bayanin rayuwa na ilimi, daga Cibiyar Bincike da Takardun Tarihin Zamaninmu ta Fundação Getulio Vargas.
• Jus.com.br — bayanin rayuwa.— bayanin yadda abubuwa suka kasance, gami da yadda aka samu wata kamfanin wutar lantarki ta Rio-Grandense a shekarar 1959.
• Hukumar Leonel Brizola — Alberto Pasqualini: hukumar jam'iyyar PDT.— Taronin Lisbon na 1979, kamar yadda hukumar jam'iyya da ke kiyaye tarihin kungiyoyin ma'aikata ta bayyana.
• Hukumar Leonel Brizola — Brizola a Rio de Janeiro.— gyara tsarin tsaro: kawar da Sakatariya ta Tsaro ta yau da kuma Majalisar Tsaro, Tsaro da Hakkoki na Colonel Nazareth Cerqueira.
• Lalacin Nº 6.683/1979 — Lalacin Ƙarin (wani bayani, Planalto).— dokokin da suka ba da izinin komawar mutanen da ake tserewa a 7 ga Satumba na 1979.
• Agenciyan Brasil — CIEPs, shekaru 40.— rahoton agenciyar gwamnati kan ci gaba da tsarin ilimin da ya haɗa dukkanin bangare.
• Brasil de Fato — CIEPs, shekaru 40.— wani ɗaya ne wannan bikin, amma da ra'ayi daban, tare da mai da hankali zuwa Darcy Ribeiro.
• Jam'iyyar Kwadago (Partido dos Trabalhadores) — shekaru 100 na Brizola, ta Aloizio Mercadante.— wannan bikin, yadda wani ɗan takarar jam'iyya mai adawa a fagen adawa ya kallo.
• Gazeta do Povo — karatu mai tsaurin ra'ayi.— babban labarin ra'ayin adawa, wanda ya ɗauki ɗabi'ar siyasarkin Brizola a matsayin wanda ya ƙarfafawa 'Yan Bindigar 'Yan Gudun Maihuwa (Comando Vermelho); an kawo shi ne don karanta shi.
• Agenciyar Labarai ta 'Yan Makamin (Agência de Notícias das Favelas) — taƙwaran farko a Rio.— Morro da Providência tun shekarar 1897: Canudos, kawar da bautar, da asalin matsalar birane.
• Littafin Tarihin 'Favelas Marielle Franco' — Brizola da kuma 'favelas'.— Takaitaccen littafi wanda aka shirya tare da masana'antu, wanda ya ƙunshi kalmar yakin neman zabe ta 1982 game da 'ƙwarya mai tsari'.

Asalin kalmar "favela" — tsire, yakin kasa, da birni.

• Euclides da Cunha — 'Os Sertões', "A Terra" (babi na 4, "As caatingas"), cikakken rubutu.— Babi wanda 'favela' ta fara bayyana a littattafai na Brazil, a matsayin tsire; yana da ɓangaren da aka ambaci a wannan labarin da kuma cikakken bayanin tsire-tsire na 'caatinga' waɗanda suka tsufa.
• SciELO / Jaridar Tarihi — "Daga 'Providência' zuwa 'favela': ma'aikata da ɗaukar wani dutse a yankin teku na Rio de Janeiro (1856–1901)".— Takaitaccen littafi na ilimi wanda aka duba, wanda ya bayyana, ta amfani da tushen asali, yadda dutsen ya samu wurin da aka kira shi 'favela'.
• Embrapa (Infoteca-e) — 'faveleira' (Cnidoscolus quercifolius) ba tare da ƙwayoyinsa.— Wannan shi ne bayanin gwanin da Kamfanin Bincike na Karkara da Noma na Brazil ya fitar game da tsire ɗaya; yana tabbatar da nau'in, dangin tsire, da juriya ga ƙanƙara.
• Dictionnaire na Favelas Marielle Franco — Morro da Providência, daga Providência zuwa Favela— Wani labarin da aka shirya tare game da tasirin wani yanki wanda ya zama taƙaice, ta farko a ƙasar.

Brizola a Roda Viva — bidiyo da rubuce-rubuce na cikakke

• Tarihin Roda Viva — 9 ga watan Agusta, 1989 (rubuce-rubuce na cikakke)— Hukuncin da aka ambata a wannan labarin, a lokacin yakin nemi shugaban kasa; ɓangaren game da favelas da Esquadrão da Morte yana cikin rabi na biyu.
• TV Cultura (YouTube) — Roda Viva 1989 cikakke a bidiyo— Manema ɗaya, cikakke, a tashar hukuma.
• TV Cultura (YouTube) — ɓangare: laifi da kuma karfi da ake yi wa al'umma masu zama a bangarare.— ɓangaren da aka yanke daga lokacin da aka ambata a sama.
• Memória Roda Viva — 1991— komawa mulkin jihar Rio; rubuce mai cikakki.
• Memória Roda Viva — 1992— Layin Red, dangantaka da gwamnatin Collor da kuma farashin Light; rubuce mai cikakki.
• Memória Roda Viva — 1994— yakin zabe na ƙarshe; rubuce mai cikakki.

Babban yanayin ƙasa - Yaƙin Sarkin Duniya, fita daga ƙasa, da Kungiyar Socialist ta Duniya.

• Memorial na Dimokradiyya - Brizola ya shiga kamfanin Bond & Share.- Ƙarƙuzu na 1959 wanda ya fara rikici da kamfanin Amurka.
• ClicRDC - Amurka ta ɗauki Brizola a matsayin barazana (takardun da aka ɓatar).- Rahoto game da fayilolin CIA da aka fitar a cikin rukunin Kennedy.
• Brasil 247 - Fita daga ƙasa ta Brizola da aikin Condor.- Fita daga ƙasa a Uruguay, yakin neman 'yancin, da ɓarkantarwa a Amurka a karkin gwamnatin Carter.
• Café História - Jimmy Carter a Brazil da taron da ya yi da Brizola.— Bayanin ilimin kimiyya (UnB) game daidaiton shekarar 1984 zuwa Pavão-Pavãozinho.
• PDT — shiga kungiyar Socialist International.— Shiga Stockholm (1989) da kuma zama mataimakin shugaban Brizola a kungiyar.
• SciELO / Civitas — "Kafa kungiyar Democratic Labour Party (PDT) a wajen kasa."— Takaitaccen bincike da masana suka duba game da Lissafin Lisbon da asalin kungiyar socialist.

Asalin, suna da kafa.

• Sul 21 — daga Itagiba zuwa Leonel.— Canja sunan ne a shekaru 14, a tunawa da shugaban maragato Leonel Rocha, da mutuwar mahaifin a Juyin 1923.
• eBiografia — Leonel Brizola— Bayanin yanke bayanin asalin halin, ayyukan yaro, da horon injiniya.
• Kungiyar Injiniya — injiniyan da ya sanya aikin a sunansa.— Karamar makarantar UFRGS a 1949 da al'adar sanya "injiniya" a bayan sunansa.
• Jaridar Teias (UERJ) — "Brizoletas": ilimin jama'a a jihar RS ta Brizola (1959–1963).— Takaitaccen labarin ilimi kan yakin "Kowacce yaro ba zai bar a waje ba", da rajista miliyan 689, da makarantun karkara waɗanda suka gabatar da CIEPs.

Mutuwa da binne.

• Memorial na Dimokradiyya — Mutuwar Brizola (2004).— Ƙidaya a Makarantar Kwanan Banza ta Guanabara da kuma ɗauke da ɗan adawa na tsawon kwanaki uku.
• Portal das Missões — makwarraci a São Borja.— Ƙidaya a gefen Getúlio Vargas da João Goulart, a cikin wurin shaidu na kungiyar masu aiki ta jihar Rio Grande do Sul.

Ilimi na cikakken— Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Cikakken (CIEPs) (shekaru 40).

• RioOnWatch — shekaru 40 na CIEPs.— Rahoto game da ci gaba da kasancewa da kuma tsauraran tsarin makarantar cikakken.

Asalin hotunan wannan labarin.

• Wikimedia Commons — hoton hukuma na 1959.— shafin da shafi ɗauke da lasisi da tarihin; mai rubutu an ɗauki: Majalisar Jiha ta RS/Memorial na Dokokin. Asali ahanyar Memorial na Dokokin.
• Wikimedia Commons — hoton lokaci— daga tarinHotunan Dadi na RS a Flickr(prati.com.br), tare da alamar Dominio Público 1.0 da mai mallakar. Mai hoton ba a bayyana ba a rajista.
• Wikimedia Commons — yakin zabe na shugaban kasa na 1989— hoton wani dan takarar; mai rubutu an ɗauki: PDT. Mai hoton ba a bayyana ba a rajista.

An fara Claude Fable 5 (Anthropic, AI), a ƙarƙashin jagorar da alhakin Benito Juarez.

Bayanin salon – "Insubornável" yana rubutawa da ƙaƙƙarfin harshen Portuguese na zamani kuma yana mayar da shi ga duk wani aikin da ke gabansu: "Mai aikin injiniya, ɗan ilimin mutane, mai aikin mai" – kamar yadda yake ga "Gwamnan".