HPR4720: Robert A. Heinlein: Littattafan farko

Wannan shirin an yiwa shi alama ta hanyar mai shi cewa ya dace.

Heinlein ya fitar littafin sa na farko a shekarar 1948, kuma a cikin shekara goma, ya fitar da wasu littattafai masu mahimmanci. Abin da ke bambanta waɗannan littattafai na farko da waɗanda ya fitar a baya shi ne cewa, ba ya ƙara yawan abubuwan da zai iya rubuta akan su kamar yadda yake a shekarun 1960 da kuma bayan haka. Amma akwai littattafai masu kyau a wannan lokaci.

A shekarar 1950, Heinlein yana aiki ne a jerin littattafansa na yara, amma kuma ya samu lokaci don rubuta wasu littattafai da ake yiwa manya, kuma wasu daga cikinsu suna da kyau sosai. Wasu daga cikin littattafai ne da ya mayar da wasu abubuwa da ya rubuta a baya, waɗanda suke kaɗan, zuwa manyan littattafai.

• Beyond This Horizon (1948)– Wannan shi ne littafin farko da Heinlein ya wallafa bayan littafin da bai yi kyau ba.Ga muna, ga muna.(wanda ya fitowa a lokacin rayuwarsa; Heinlein ya san cewa ba shi da kyau). Wannan littafin yana da al'adu na gaba ɗaya wanda yake amfani da wani nau'in eugenics, tare da shirin haifuwa don samar da ɗan adam mai kyau ta hanyar zaɓar lafiya, tsawon rayuwa, da ilimi. Mai taken littafin, Hamilton Felix, ba shi ne, amma yana kusa da ƙarshe. Kuma wannan al'adu ta kuma yanke shawarar adamu wasu mutane waɗanda ba su cikin shirin haifuwa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na sarrafa gwajin. Hamilton Felix a gaskiya shine mataki na ƙarshe a wannan shirin, amma har yanzu bai nuna sha'awar aure ko haihuwa ba. Amma a cikin littafin, an gagar dashi. An nuna yaran sa a matsayin ƙarshen shirin a ƙarshen littafin. Wani ɓangare na littafin yana da abokinsa, Mordan Claude (a wannan littafin kowa yana sanya sunan danginsa na farko) wanda ya yi soyayya da wata budurwa. Lokacin da ta yi ƙara, ya fara shakka cewa ita ce ɗaya daga cikin "mutanen da aka kiyaye." An kare su, amma a bayane-bayane wannan al'adu ce, wanda ya zama abu na yauwa a kowane al'adu wanda yake amfani da eugenics, kuma ya kamata a hana Claude. Amma soyayya tana da ƙarfi, sannan ya gano cewa ba ita ce wacce aka kiyaye. A raayin ni, wannan ya fi kasancewa wani ƙarshe mara ƙarfi.
  
  Wani ɗaya na wannan al'umma shi ne cewa yawancin mutane suna da makamai, kuma yaƙi ya yi yawa. An bayyana wannan a matsayin "Al'umma mai dauri tana da tsaurari," domin idan ka ƙaunace wani, za ka iya samun kanka a cikin yaƙi cikin sauri. Mutanen da suka fi so makamai sun ɗauki wannan kuma suka maimaita shi kamar yadda aka bayyana a gaskiya, amma ko da ɗan bincike game da al'ummomin da ke da makamai da yawa ya nuna cewa ba gaskiya ba ne.
• Sixth Column (1949)– Wannan littafin an fara rubutawa a shekarar 1941, lokacin da yakin Sin da Japan ya kasance a gaba, kuma wannan ya haɗa wasu ra'ayoyi a cikin wannan littafin. Wuraren da aka yi littafin sun kasance Amurka da aka yi mulkin ta ne ta kungiyar Pan-Asian. Wannan kungiyar ta riga ta shafe Jamus da Indiya, kuma an nuna ta a matsayin "Yellow Peril." John W. Campbell ya yi aiki sosai a wannan, kuma wannan ya sa littafin ya zama abu da za ka iya barin shi ba tare da asara mai yawa. Kungiyar Pan-Asian tana kallon Amurkawa a matsayin bayi. Kuma manufofinsu game da bayi na kasancewar "Abubuwa uku ne kawai bayi ke buƙata: aiki, abinci, da addininsu." A wani sansanin soja na Amurka da ke cikin tsaunukan Colorado, an samu wani makami mai ban mamaki wanda zai iya kashe, kuma a wani ɓangare, za a iya daidaita shi don ya shafar kawai 'yan Asiya, ba Amurkawa ba. Saboda kungiyar Pan-Asian ta ba da izinin addini (ya fi kyau a daskata bayi), Amurkawa sun ƙirƙiri addini kuma sun yi amfani da shi don shiga cikin wuraren kungiyar Pan-Asian. Heinlein kansa bai yi amfani da wannan littafin ba, kuma ya cancanci haka.
• The Puppet Masters (1951)– Wannan littafin yana da alaƙa da damuwa da ake samu a lokacin game da masu komuniyanci. Amma wannan littafin ya fi kasadafi fiye da zargin masu komuniyanci. A asali, yana da alaƙa da "abokin gaba a ciki," a matsayin ƙwayoyin cuta masu ban mamaki waɗanda za su iya ɗaukar mutum ta hanyar sarrafa tsarin haɓakar jiki, wanda ke sa mutumin ya zama bayi mara ƙarfi ga ƙwayoyin cuta. Sannan suna ƙoƙarin sarƙar duniya, duk da cewa duk abin da muke gani ya faru a Amurka. Wannan shineThe Body Snatchersƙoƙarin, kuma an yi shi sau da yawa. Amma wannan littafin da na bayaSixth Column.Wannan ya nuna yadda mutane suke jin tsoro a al'umma a wancan lokacin, inda suke tunanin akwai 'yan communist a kowane falo, suna kokarin lalata matasa da kuma lalata hanyar rayuwar Amurka. Haka kuma, ya zama abin lura cewa kungiyar da ke jagorancin yaƙin 'yan adawa da wannan matsalar ita ce wata ƙungiya mai sirri, wacce aka kafa ba tare da sanin Majalisar ba, kuma ta yi da'awa ne kawai ga Shugaban kasa.
• Double Star (1956)– Wannan lokaci ne Heinlein ya fara samun nasara a matsayin marubuci, kuma hakan ya nuna ne ta hanyar lashe kyautar Hugo ta farko a fannin littattafai. Labarin yana da ɓangare da ya kamata da littafin "Prisoner of Zenda". A wani lokaci na gaba a tsarin tauraron dan kasa, duniya, Venus, Mars, da saturn na Jovian sun haɗu ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin dimokradiyya, wanda ke ƙarƙashin mulkin sarauta. Za ku iya tunanin shi kamar yadda United Kingdom ke, amma a wannan lokacin, iyalin Orange ne ke mulki. Ɗan siyasa mai suna John Joseph Bonforte shi ne shugaban kungiyar Expansionist, kuma ɗayan manyan ƴan siyasa a tsarin tauraron dan kasa. Kuma an sace shi a lokaci mai mahimmanci. Ma'aikatansa sun samu ɗan wasa, wanda ake kira "The Great Lorenzo", wanda yake kusan irinsa, don ya iya ɗaukar matsayin Bonforte, yayin da su ke ƙoƙarin ɗaukar Bonforte na gaske. Sun samu nasara, amma an yi masa munafar sosai daga masu sace shi, don haka ɗan wasan ya ci gaba da ɗaukar matsayin sa a lokacin yakin zabe. Ya lashe zaben, amma Bonforte na gaske ya mutu. Daga nan ɗan wasan ya ci gaba da ɗaukar matsayin sa har ya zama kamar shi.
  
  Abubuwa biyu da ke saurin saɓa littafin novel ɗin ne: ɗaya, hankali kan aikatawa kamar yadda yake ganin Lorenzo; kuma biyu, hankali kan tsarin siyasa. Kuma wannan ya dogara ne akan kwarewar Heinlein a fagen siyasar zaɓe. Ko da bai yi nasara a zaɓe ba, ya bayyana cewa ya samu ilimi mai yawa game da yadda aikin ya kasance. Kuma ya rubuta littafin labari mai bambanta wanda ake kira.Kwado Gwamnatin Ku (1992)Wani labari, wanda aka buga bayan mutuwar mai bayanin labarin. An ƙara masa taken.Wannan littafi ne mai amfani da ke taimakawa ɗan adam wanda yake son demokradiya ta yi aiki.An wasan asalin shi ne a shekarar 1946. An fara shi ne bisa ga kwarewar sa da kungiyar EPIC, da kuma kokarin yaki da Upton Sinclair don zama Gwamnan Jihar California a shekarar 1934.
• The Door Into Summer (1957)"– Wannan littafi ne mai kyau, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa waɗanda za su sake bayyana a cikin littattafai na Heinlein. Na farko shi ne cewa Heinlein yana son halittu. An samu sunan littafin daga halitta wacce ta tashi daga kofa zuwa kofa a lokacin kaka, tana neman kofofin da ke kaiwa lokacin kaka. Na biyu, babban masanin littafin injiniya ne, wanda shi ne ainihin aikin Heinlein. Na uku shi ne ɓangaren tafiya cikin lokaci. Mutane za su iya tafiya zuwa gaba a lokaci ta hanyar wani nau'in tsarin da ake kira "Cold Sleep". Amma don dalilan labarin, mai bincike ya ƙirƙiri na'urar tafiya cikin lokaci wacce ta yi aiki. Ya aika ɗalibin wani digiri mai suna Leonard Vincent zuwa ƙarni ɗaya baya a Italiya, inda ya zama Leonardo da Vinci. Amma ya aika jaruminmu, Daniel Boone Davis, zuwa inda yake so. Muna ganin abubuwa da yawa a cikin wannan littafin waɗanda suke da kyau. Na farko, halittun, Pete, ya dauri suna na "Petronius the Arbiter", wanda shi ne marubucin Satyricon, don haka sha'awar Heinlein game da jima'i na fara bayyana. Na biyu, lokacin da Dan ya koma baya a lokaci, ya fada cikin wani yanki na mutane da ba su sani ba, kuma wannan abu ne da Heinlein ya fi so.
  
  Labarin ya iya zama cewa Dan an sata masa kayan aiki daga abokin kasuwancinsa da kuma sakatarensa/ma'aurata, an saka shi cikin Cold Sleep, sannan ya koma baya a lokaci zuwa lokacin da aka sata masa kayan aiki, ya gyara abubuwa yadda yake so, sannan ya sake shiga Cold Sleep don yayi ƙarewa ga ƙa'idansa. Wannan littafi ne mai kyau.
• Methusaleh's Children (1958)– Wannan littafi ya fara ne a matsayin wani labari wanda aka rubuta a 1941, sannan an ƙara masa abubuwa don ya zama littafi. Yana cikin littattafai na gaba. Ya gabatar da Lazarus Long, wanda zai zama wani ɓangare na Heinlein a cikin littattafai da yawa na gaba, kuma wannan ya sa littattafai da yawa su zama ɓangare na littattafai na gaba, duk da cewa masana ilmi da yawa za su ƙarya wannan. Abin da ba za a iya ƙarya ba shi ne cewa wannan littafin ya zama wani ɓangare na abubuwa da Heinlein zai rubuta a cikin littattafai da yawa na gaba.
  
  "Labarin ya fara ne da wani ɗan kasuwan da ya yi nasara mai suna Ira Howard wanda ya mutu a tsohuwa a kusan shekaru 49 a ƙarni ta 19. A cikin wasikarsa, ya bar duk abin da yake a hannun wasu mutane da ke da alhakin neman hanyar tsawaita rayuwar mutane. Abin da suke iya yi shi ne su ƙarfafa (a kuɗi) mutanen da suka da alalacen iyaye masu tsawon rayuwa su yi aure su haifi yara. Suna ci gaba da wannan, kuma a ƙarni ta 22, iyalolin Howard, kamar yadda suke kiran kansu, suna da tsawon rayuwa na shekaru 150. Amma dole ne su ɓayaƙa wannan daga sauran al'umma, kuma su shirya wani lokaci don "mutuwa" sannan su zama wasu mutane. Wannan ɓayaƙa ya taimaka musu wajen tserewa shekaru na Nehemiah Scudder da wadanda suka biyo bayan sa, amma wasu daga cikinsu sun bayyana a lokacin gwamnatin Covenant. Wannan ya haifar da wata matsala saboda mutane suna son ɓangaren da suke ɗauka cewa iyalolin Howard suke ɓayaƙa, kuma suna iya kashe don samun ɓangaren. Don haka iyalolin Howard suka ɗauki jirgin ruwa kuma suka tsere. Ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ke cikin jirgin shine Andrew Jackson "Slipstick" Libby, wanda muka sani a wani labari.MisfitKuma ya samu hanyar tafiya da sauri fiye da haske. A ƙarshe, suka yanke shawarar komawa Duniya, inda suka gano cewa masana ilmi sun samu hanyoyin tsawaita rayuwar mutane, kuma ba su da wata matsala, a gaskiya ma an yi amfani da su don kawo na'urar tafiya da sauri fiye da haske.
  
  Wannan littafi na iya zama wajibi ga kowa wanda yake son shiga cikin duniyar Heinlein. Manyan ayyuka sun dogara ne a kansa.

Haɗiyoyi

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_This_Horizon
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Column
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Puppet_Masters
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Star
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Back_Your_Government
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Door_into_Summer
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuselah%27s_Children
• https://www.palain.com/science-fiction/the-golden-age/robert-a-heinlein/heinleins-earlier-novels/

Ku ba dabayanaigame da wannan labarin..